Romina Boccia and Dominik Lett
Imagine a future where the average American earns $15,000 more each year because Congress reduced federal spending and national debt. Too often, spending cuts are painted as a necessary evil—painful austerity measures that slow the economy. This narrative couldn’t be further from the truth. Economic research shows that stabilizing government debt by cutting spending can unleash economic growth.
Today, the federal government’s public debt is a staggering $28.8 trillion—equivalent to the nation’s annual economic output—and is projected to skyrocket to 166 percent of GDP by 2054 under optimistic assumptions. This ballooning debt is driven primarily by the growth of interest costs and just a few entitlement programs, including Medicare, Social Security, and Medicaid. High debt levels are already slowing economic growth, driving up inflation, and pushing interest rates higher. This makes it harder for families and businesses to borrow and invest.
Take the crowding-out effect. When the federal government borrows heavily, it competes with the private sector for limited financial resources, driving up interest rates. Between January 2022 and January 2025, for example, the prime bank loan rate doubled from 3.25 percent to 7.5 percent. As loans become more expensive, startups delay expansions, businesses scale back hiring, and innovation suffers. As one business owner noted in 2024, “We are a new business and our loans closed when the rates were at an all-time high … so that has increased our monthly expenses dramatically.”
The result is a less productive economy, lower wages, and reduced competitiveness. Cutting spending reduces this crowding-out effect by freeing up resources for private-sector investment, creating jobs, and boosting incomes.
Economic research reinforces the idea that spending cuts can enhance growth. A 2020 study by researchers at the Hoover Institution found that stabilizing and reducing the debt by restraining the growth in federal spending could boost short-run annual GDP growth by 10 percent and long-run growth by 7 percent. More specifically, Cogan, Hail, and Taylor find that an economic plan that curbs entitlement spending without raising taxes can deliver a powerful one-two punch for growth. A credible commitment to reducing future debt and taxes results in higher long-term disposable income for individuals, motivating more consumer spending today. This surge in consumption more than offsets the initial reduction in entitlement benefits, demonstrating that fiscal discipline can create a win-win for the economy.
Additionally, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projects that stabilizing the debt could raise projected income per person by $513 in 2030 compared to baseline projections. The gain in annual income grows significantly over time, and by 2054, the average American’s income could be $5,500 higher (see the graph below). If debt grows faster than expected under CBO’s baseline—meaning the fiscal outlook worsens—the economic benefits of stabilizing the debt become more pronounced. Under one high debt scenario, the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget estimates that the income gain from debt stabilization would increase to $14,500 per person by 2054.
Spending reductions also shield Americans from higher taxes. In the current fiscal environment, spending significantly outpaces revenues—a gap that will eventually necessitate tax increases. By cutting spending today, lawmakers can prevent harmful future tax hikes and lock in low tax rates, effectively a tax cut compared to the current trajectory. As Cato’s Adam Michel puts it:
Fiscal discipline through spending cuts could act like supply-side tax reform and turbocharge other pro-growth tax cuts and deregulation.
Crucial to this idea is credibly signaling that Congress will commit to spending cuts. The most recent bond market selloff highlights growing investor concerns over America’s fiscal and monetary trajectory. Rising bond yields, in large part, reflect doubts about the government’s ability to manage its long-term debt in the face of widening deficits and repeated budgetary mismanagement. By demonstrating fiscal discipline, Congress can restore market confidence and reduce the premiums bondholders demand for elevated risk, thereby bringing down interest rates and spurring investment.
Voter frustration with inflation underscores the importance of Republicans taking spending cuts seriously. Americans know that excessive government spending over the pandemic was a key driver of inflation, and they voted Democrats out of office. This same voter backlash to spending-driven inflation could occur again come mid-term elections in 2026 should reckless deficit spending continue unabated.
With Republicans crafting a reconciliation bill (or multiple) addressing tax cuts, border security, and the debt ceiling, they have a unique opportunity to rein in inflation, shrink the federal bureaucracy, and reduce government spending, especially on health care and other entitlements. Pairing tax reform with significant spending cuts is not only fiscally responsible but critical to a pro-growth agenda.
Some critics of spending reform may argue that cuts disproportionately harm the less fortunate. Ending billions in corporate welfare (such as farm and energy subsidies) and reducing student loan subsidies, for example, would cut government aid to the rich, hardly a war on the poor. Better targeting programs aimed at the poor also has upsides. Rolling back Medicaid benefits for able-bodied adults, for example, could boost labor force participation, increasing individual earnings while reducing government spending.
These critics also ignore the costs of inaction. Fiscally induced inflation is a hidden, regressive tax that disproportionately hurts low-income households who spend a larger proportion of their income on price-sensitive necessities like food, housing, and energy. The resulting economic effects of excessive government borrowing will end up harming the poor more than the rich.
Others have suggested that even minor cuts to defense pose a risk to national security. There is no shortage of wasteful and unnecessary military spending that can be eliminated without worsening America’s security.
Spending cuts aren’t a burden—they’re a path to prosperity. By prioritizing fiscal discipline, Congress can boost growth, restore market confidence, and secure a brighter economic future for all Americans.